Publication in the Diário da República: Despacho n.º 8955/2023 - 31/08/2023
6 ECTS; 1º Ano, 2º Semestre, 30,0 T + 30,0 PL + 3,0 OT , Cód. 938088.
Lecturer
- Eduardo Jorge Marques de Oliveira Ferraz (1)(2)
(1) Lead Professor
(2) Teaching Professor
Prerequisites
Not applicable.
Objectives
1. Identify commonly occurring rocks and minerals.
2. Understand the degradation relationship between minerals, rocks, sediment, and clay.
3. Learn about the production of binders (gypsum and lime), as well as the general properties and behavior of gypsum and lime mortars.
Program
1. Materials and matter
1.1. Material groups: natural and artificial, organic and inorganic, non-metallic, metallic and energetic, and composites
1.2. Process, input and output
1.3. Natural resource. Raw material.
1.4. States of matter
1.4.1. State changes: temperature and pressure
1.4.2. Physical and chemical structure of the states of matter
1.5. Energy of the states and principle of minimum energy
2. Stone materials, sediments and minerals
2.1. Igneous rocks: granite and basalt
2.1.1. Magmatism and volcanism
2.2. Sedimentary rocks: limestone and gypsum
2.2.1. Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition and diagenesis
2.3 Metamorphic rocks: shale and marble
2.3.1. Metamorphism
2.4. Sediments: sand, silt and clay
2.5. Minerals: silica, feldspar, calcite, gypsite and clay minerals
2.5.1. Types: oxides, hydroxides, sulphates and carbonates. Silicates and aluminosilicates
2.6. Alteration and alterability
2.6.1. The lithosphere interaction with atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere
2.6.2. Relationship between rock, mineral, sediment and clay
3. Binder materials and mortars
3.1 Classic binders: gypsum, lime, lime with hydraulic properties and cement
3.1.1. Types: air and hydraulic
3.2. Classic mortars: simple and bastard
3.2.1. Main function and application
3.3. Traditional production of binders
3.3.1. Raw materials
3.3.2. Calcination
3.3.3. Grinding
3.4. Traditional production of mortars
3.4.1. Composition and formulation
3.4.2. Components
3.4.3. Mixture
3.4.4. Curing and ageing
3.5. Pozzolans and pozzolanic materials
3.5.1. Types: natural and syntectic
3.6. Modern binders and mortars
3.6.1. Geopolymers based on calcined kaolin
3.7. Structure and general properties of the mortars
3.7.1. Solid and liquid state
3.7.2. Fresh and hardened state
3.7.3. Setting time
3.7.4. Shrinkage and cracking
3.7.5. Porosity
3.7.6. Water, mechanical and chemical strength
3.8. Deterioration of mortars
3.8.1. Main factors and mechanisms
3.8.2. Defects of formulation, mixture, application and hardening
3.8.3. Common pathologies: effloresces and ceramic-mortar interaction
Evaluation Methodology
Assessment during the continuous assessment and examination periods is based on closed-book written tests. The tests comprise two independent components: a theoretical component and a practical laboratory component.
The final mark for each assessment period is calculated as follows:
Final Mark = (T × 0.5) + (PL × 0.5)
where:
T = mark awarded for the theoretical component, calculated as the arithmetic mean of the theoretical tests during continuous assessment and by the theoretical examination in the examination periods;
PL = mark awarded for the practical laboratory component, calculated as the arithmetic mean of the practical laboratory tests during continuous assessment and by the practical laboratory examination in the examination periods.
A minimum mark of 7.5/20 is required in both the theoretical and practical laboratory components to pass the course unit. Students obtaining a final mark of 10/20 or above are exempt from the examination.
Bibliography
- Borrelli, E. e Urland, A. (1999). ARC Laboratory Handbook. Rome: ICCROM
- Garate Rojas, I. (1998). Artes de los yesos. Madrid: Munillaleria
- Garate Rojas, I. (2002). Artes de la cal. Madrid: Munillaleria
- Henry, A. (2012). Practical Building Conservation: Mortars, Renders & Plasters. Farnham: Ashgate
Teaching Method
1. Lectures introducing and illustrating the basic concepts and fundamental principles.
2. Laboratory practical sessions applying technical concepts through observation, calculation, and testing.
Software used in class
Theoretical: not applicable
Practical-laboratory: spreadsheet
