Archeology, and Underwater Heritage Conservation Laboratory

Project GRAV3D

Project: GRAV3D – Advanced Methodologies for the Technical Recording and Study of Rock Engravings Based on Ultra-High-Resolution Photogrammetry

Coordination: Cláudio Monteiro

Development of methodologies for the technical recording and study of rock engravings using ultra-high-resolution photogrammetry. The GRAV3D project successfully achieved the modelling of engravings with a thickness of 0.1 mm, allowing them to be subjected to various lighting conditions and enabling precise measurements and morphological studies.

This document presents a complete project development proposal based on the provided theme and information. It is structured appropriately for a project presentation document (e.g., research plan, funding application, or technical report).

Partner entities

CAAPortugal – Centre for Archaeology, Art and Heritage of Portugal
LABACPS – Laboratory for Scientific Support to Underwater Heritage Preservation

Background

Rock art constitutes one of the oldest forms of human expression and represents an invaluable source of information about the symbolic and cultural practices of prehistoric communities. However, documenting and studying these engravings faces technical challenges due to their fragility, limited accessibility, and natural erosion.

With advances in 3D recording technologies—particularly ultra-high-resolution photogrammetry—it has become possible to capture details as fine as 0.1 mm, enabling morphological analysis and the simulation of environmental and lighting conditions. The GRAV3D Project was created to consolidate innovative methodologies and generate a replicable technical protocol for the study of rock art sites.

Objectives

General objective

To develop and validate methodologies for the technical recording, analysis, and digital preservation of rock engravings through the application of ultra-high-resolution photogrammetric techniques.

Specific objectives

Establish a standardized technical protocol for photogrammetric capture with submillimetric precision.
Create interactive three-dimensional models capable of simulating different lighting conditions.
Develop tools for morphological measurement and comparative analysis among engravings.
Assess surface degradation and erosion over time through multitemporal studies.
Implement an integrated database that facilitates access, preservation, and sharing of results among researchers.

Methodology

The project will be developed in four main phases:

Survey and selection of pilot sites – Identification of representative and accessible sets of engravings for study.
Photogrammetric capture – Application of ultra-high-resolution techniques (macro-photogrammetry and controlled angular variation) to record microdetails of up to 0.1 mm.
3D processing and modelling – Generation of digital meshes, chromatic correction, light calibration, and creation of interactive models using specialized software (e.g., Metashape, RealityCapture).
Analysis and dissemination – Implementation of measurement tools, reinterpretation of artistic compositions, and dissemination through scientific and heritage channels (interactive web platform and digital exhibitions).

Expected results

Standardized technical protocols applicable to other archaeological contexts.
Ultra-high-resolution 3D models of the studied engravings, available in an interactive digital environment.
Morphological reports containing measurement data and comparative analyses.
Scientific publications detailing methodologies, results, and archaeological implications.
National database of digitized engravings accessible to researchers and heritage institutions.
Direct contribution to the preservation and enhancement of Portuguese rock art through precise and lasting documentation.

Expected impact

The GRAV3D Project aims to position Portugal at the forefront of digital documentation of rock art heritage, strengthening the integration between archaeology, technology, and conservation. The project will promote new interpretative approaches, support heritage management policies, and create high-quality educational and museological resources.

Publications

Publications: Communications have already been presented concerning results observed at pilot sites, notably in connection with the CARACA Project, where a previously unknown engraving, “A Boneca” (“The Doll”), was recorded for the first time.

Monteiro, C. & Figueiredo, A. (em prelo) Enhancing Morphometric Analysis of Rock Engravings through Simulated Lighting on Ultra-High-Resolution Photogrammetric Models. Studies in Digital Heritage. USA.

Monteiro, C., & Figueiredo, M. (2025). Model 3D engraving rock - Canto do Nadadouro Paiva Sousa 1, Caldas da Rainha, Portugal [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17217947